"Although selection favors exploitative competition within groups, a group of hypercompetitive individuals may be less productive than a cooperative group. When competition is costly for group fitness, among-group selection can favor groups with 'policing' individuals who reduce within-group competition at a cost to their own fitness, or groups of individuals who restrain their competitive intensity ('self policing').
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"A major impediment to the evolution of productive social interactions is what Hardin termed 'The Tragedy of the Commons' (TOC). ... Opportunities for the TOC include groups of microbes living in the same host, offspring within the same family, and genes in the same organism."
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"enforced cooperation via policing"
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"Hence, policing is viewed as a mechanism for integrating groups of unrelated individuals, while altruism is seen a mechanism for cohesion in related groups."
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"Ratnieks coined the term, 'policing' in the context of social insect colonies where worker females lay haploid, male eggs that are often eaten by other workers. Policing behaviors can mitigate the individually beneficial and the communally detrimental effects of individual selfishness."
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"Alexander argued that socially imposed rules and traditions favor group-level efficiency in humans[.]"
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