Cynicism:

Olga Stavrova, Daniel Ehlebracht:

"The academic literature has consistently painted a dim picture of cynicism, linking it to bad health outcomes, lower well-being, poor relationship quality, and decreased financial success (Chen et al., 2016; Haukkala, Konttinen, Laatikainen, Kawachi, & Uutela, 2010; Stavrova & Ehlebracht, 2016). In contrast, in popular culture, cynicism seems to have a better reputation. For example, in film and fiction, the most cynical characters (e.g., Sherlock Holmes or Dr. House), although lonely and unhappy, are frequently painted as the most intelligent, witty, experienced, and knowledgeable ones."

"when people endorse a cynical stance concerning others and consequently forgo trust, they usually do not even get a chance to learn whether their untrustworthiness assumption was correct and being cynical thus spared them a 'loss'—or whether it was incorrect and therefore denied them a 'win.' In other words, cynicism often precludes the possibility of experiencing negative outcomes. ... After all, they are highly unlikely to be betrayed, deceived, and exploited, whereas it usually remains unknown whether their cynicism resulted in missed opportunities."

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Es stellt sich letztlich die Frage, inwieweit eine zynische Sicht der Dinge auch eine realistische Sicht der Wirklichkeit ist.

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[Siehe auch: Randolph M. Nesse on Cynicism]