Aljoscha C. Neubauer, Andreas Fink (2009)
"A well-established finding in the neuroscientific study of
human intelligence is that brighter individuals use their
brains more efficiently when engaged in the performance of
cognitively demanding tasks than less intelligent people do.
This phenomenon, referred to as neural efficiency (Haier et al.,
1988), has been confirmed in a variety of studies employing
different neurophysiological measurement methods and a
broad range of different cognitive task demands. In this
context, neural efficiency is reflected in a more strongly
localized brain activation during cognitive task performance
in brighter as compared to less intelligent individuals (Haier
et al., 1992; Haier, Siegel, Tang, Abel, & Buchsbaum, 1992;
Neubauer, Grabner, Fink, & Neuper, 2005; Neubauer, Fink, &
Grabner, 2006). This more strongly focused cortical activation
results in a lower total cortical activation and could suggest a
more efficient use of the cortex (or even the brain) in brighter
individuals — presumably they “use only a limited group of
brain circuits and/or fewer neurons, thus requiring minimal
glucose use” (Haier et al., 1992, p. 134)."
"in investigating the Event-Related
Desynchronization (ERD) of EEG alpha activity Neubauer and
Fink (2003) observed evidence that during the performance
of a reasoning task neural efficiency (i.e., inverse relationship
between brain activation and intelligence) was much more
pronounced when fluid intelligence instead of crystallized or
general mental ability was taken as a measure of intellectual
ability. Interestingly, males were more likely than females to
show brain activation patterns in line with the neural
efficiency hypothesis. Moreover, the findings in the female
sample even point to the opposite direction (i.e., more brain
activation in brighter individuals). Similar evidence was reported by Grabner, Fink, Stipacek, Neuper, and Neubauer
(2004) who analyzed brain activation during performance of
different working memory tasks. Again, neural efficiency was
more strongly related to fluid (compared to crystallized)
intelligence and males were more likely to display the
negative relationship between intelligence and brain activation during working memory processing while in females
positive correlations were found."
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