Coalitional Value Theory:

Überspitzt: "Selbstwert" im Sinne von "Wert als Freund" oder "Wert als Partner"; Götter [die Autoren schneiden im Artikel das Thema religiöse Vorstellungen an;] oder Helden, in dem Sinne, sind "ultimative" Partner, d.h. Personen, die maximale Leistungen oder Hilfeleistungen erbringen oder erbringen können;

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Wir beurteilen Hilfsbereitschaft und die Fähigkeit, Hilfeleistungen erbringen zu können;

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Bo Winegard et al.:

"[Humans] are equipped with mental mechanisms that allow them to assess the coalitional value (marginal productive value of a person to a group of individuals) of themselves and others and to respond appropriately;"

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"Tomasello and colleagues (Tomasello 2016; Tomasello et al. 2012) have forwarded an account of the evolutionary progression of human cooperation and morality that is germane. According to their account, the first important step on the path to human “super sociality” was the development of obligate collaborate foraging (Tomasello et al. 2012). At that stage, humans were compelled to collaborate with partners to collect the calories necessary to sustain themselves. Without such partners, humans would have perished (or have been outcompeted by other groups of humans) (see also the Stag Hunt, Skyrms 2001). This means that each human had a stake in his or her partners; they benefited if their partner was healthy and good at hunting/collecting calories, and they were hurt if their partner got sick or was bad at hunting/collecting calories. This is a species of interdependency and is a more powerful system of cooperation than reciprocal altruism because there is no time delay between helpful favors (Trivers 1971)."

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"The primary construct of the CVT is a mental gauge that estimates and tracks one’s own and others’ values to the coalition. For simplicity, we will call this a coalitional value gauge (gauge for evaluating self and for evaluating others). The gauge that evaluates the self’s coalitional value is likely strongly related to what social psychologists have traditionally called self-esteem (e.g., Mahadevan et al. 2018). The information from the gauge is fed into a number of other mental systems, causing a variety of physiological, behavioral, and cognitive responses. For example, if the gauge calculated that another person in one’s coalition has higher value than one’s self, then the gauge, through interactions with other systems, would produce predictable emotional and cognitive responses such as awe, admiration, deference, increased blood pressure, reverence, visual attention, etc. (Keltner and Haidt 2003; Long et al. 1982). Of course, these aspirational and positive emotions might be tinged with envy and bitterness, especially if the high-status person is rude or dismissive (Buss 2001). If, on the other hand, the gauge calculated that another person was lower, then it would produce assertion, contempt, erect posture, expected subordination, etc. These responses are likely heightened in coalitionally relevant contexts."

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"Men on a National Football League (NFL) team, for example, probably would not pay much attention to signals of intelligence, but they would pay attention to signals of pain tolerance, strength, and coordination (Cook 2013). On the other hand, a psychology department would pay attention to signals of intelligence while assiduously ignoring signals of strength and pain tolerance[.]"

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"For those of us who will never achieve great status (high coalitional value), it is a satisfying recompense that natural selection made deferring to heroes almost as rewarding as being them."