Evolution of Vulnerability - David C. Geary

Evolution of Vulnerability - David C. Geary (Oct 2014)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEEc80EmS8c&feature=youtu.be&t=5m46s

Mental Sex Differences - Some Accurate Stereotypes:

Co-ed Combat (Amazon)
Kingsley Browne, 2007



















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Are Gender Differences in High Achievement Disappearing? A Test in One Intellectual Domain

Are Gender Differences in High Achievement Disappearing? A Test in One Intellectual Domain
Robert W. Howard (2005)


Abstract

Males traditionally predominate at upper achievement levels. One general view holds that this is due only to various social factors such as the 'glass ceiling' and lack of female role models. Another view holds that it occurs partly because of innate ability differences, with more males being at upper ability levels. In the last few decades, women have become more achievement focused and competitive and have gained many more opportunities to achieve. The present study examined one intellectual domain, international chess, to quantify its gender differences in achievement and to see if these have been diminishing with the societal changes. Chess is a good test domain because it is a meritocracy, it has objective performance measures, and longitudinal data of a whole population are available. Performance ratings overall and in the top 10, 50 and 100 players of each sex show large gender differences and little convergence over the past three decades, although a few females have become high achievers. The distribution of performance ratings on the January 2004 list shows a higher male mean and evidence for more male variation, just as with traits such as height. Career patterns of players first on the list between 1985 and 1989 show that top males and females entered the list at about the same age but females tend to play fewer games and have shorter careers. In this domain at least, the male predominance is large and has remained roughly constant despite societal changes.

Sex Differences in Money Pathology in the General Population

Sex Differences in Money Pathology in the General Population
Adrian Furnham, Sophie von Stumm, Mark Fenton-O’Creevy (2014)


Abstract

This study examined sex differences in money beliefs and behaviours. Over 100,000 British participants completed two measures online, one of which assessed ‘‘money pathology’’ (Forman in Mind over money, Doubleday, Toronto, 1987), and the other four ‘‘money types’’, based on the emotional associations of money (Furnham et al. in Personal Individ Differ, 52:707–711, 2012). Nearly all measures showed significant sex differences with medium to large effect sizes, and with females exhibiting more ‘‘money pathology’’ than males. The biggest difference on the money types was on money being associated with generosity (money representing love) where men scored much lower than females, and autonomy (money representing freedom) where men scored higher than women. For men, more than women, money represented Power and Security. Men were more likely to be Hoarders while women did more emotional regulatory purchasing. Implications and limitations of this study are discussed.

Sex Differences in Risk Taking Behavior among Dutch Cyclists

Sex Differences in Risk Taking Behavior among Dutch Cyclists
Cobey KD, Stulp G, Laan F, Buunk AP, Pollet TV; (2013)
http://www.epjournal.net/wp-content/uploads/EP11350364.pdf


Abstract

The majority of research examining sex differences in risk-taking behavior  focuses on overt physical risk measures in which failed risk attempts may result in serious injury or death. The present research describes sex differences in patterns of risk taking in day-to-day behavior among Dutch cyclists. Through three observational studies we test sex differences in risk taking in situations of financial risk (fines for failing to use bike lights, Study 1), theft risk (bike locking behavior, Study 2) as well as physical risk (risky maneuvers, Study 3). Results corroborate previous findings by showing that across these domains men are more inclined to take risks than women. We discuss how these findings might be used in an applied context.

Women's Representation in 60 Occupations from 1972 to 2010: More Women in High-Status Jobs, Few Women in Things-Oriented Jobs

Women's Representation in 60 Occupations from 1972 to 2010: More Women in High-Status Jobs, Few Women in Things-Oriented Jobs -> pdf
Richard A. Lippa, Kathleen Preston, John Penner (2014)


Abstract

To explore factors associated with occupational sex segregation in the United States over the past four decades, we analyzed U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data for the percent of women employed in 60 varied occupations from 1972 to 2010. Occupations were assessed on status, people-things orientation, and data-ideas orientation. Multilevel linear modeling (MLM) analyses showed that women increasingly entered high-status occupations from 1972 to 2010, but women's participation in things-oriented occupations (e.g., STEM fields and mechanical and construction trades) remained low and relatively stable. Occupations' data-ideas orientation was not consistently related to sex segregation. Because of women's increased participation in high-status occupations, occupational status became an increasingly weak predictor of women's participation rates in occupations, whereas occupations' people-things orientation became an increasingly strong predictor over time. These findings are discussed in relation to theories of occupational sex segregation and social policies to reduce occupational sex segregation.

Sex differences in face cognition

Sex differences in face cognition  (full download)
W. Sommer, A. Hildebrandt, O. Kunina-Habenicht, A. Schacht, O. Wilhelm (2013)


Abstract

Although there is abundant evidence for female superiority in Face Cognition (FC), a number of questions regarding sex differences remain to be addressed. Here we report a reanalysis of data on the level of latent factors, modeled on the basis of an extensive test battery applied to three samples of over 800 adults in all. In independent samples the measurement structure of FC was invariant for both sexes, indicating that the measurement of the construct does not depend on the context variable sex, and investigating mean performance differences will not be biased by measurement issues — a neglected aspect in previous studies. We confirmed female superiority for face perception (FP) and face memory (FM). For the first time we could show that these sex differences prevailed after accounting for sex differences in broadly measured general cognitive functioning and in object perception. Across adult age, sex differences in FM increased due to the rapid decline of this ability in men, whereas performance in women remained stable across adult age. Self-reported social involvement and things-oriented activities moderated sex-differences in FM. Results show that sex differences are salient at the level of specific FC constructs and that they can be partially explained by social involvement.

Sex differences in foreign language ability: an evolutionary theory

Sex differences in foreign language ability: an evolutionary theory
Richard Lynn and Davide Piffer (2011)
http://www.pontecorboli.com/ejournals/ija/2011-AIJA12.pdf#page=78 (p 78-87 / 75-84)


Abstract

Sex differences in foreign language ability are presented for a number of countries. Females consistently achieve better average results than males on foreign language ability in all the countries, and the superiority of girls in foreign languages was generally greater than in their own native language. Females perform better than males in public examinations in foreign languages, and more females than males choose to study foreign languages at school and college. An explanation for the superiority of females in foreign language ability is proposed in terms of evolutionary psychology and anthropology to the effect that females typically moved into neighboring groups in the evolutionary environment, and this gave a selective advantage to females who could acquire a foreign language easily.

Male-Female Ratio / World's Billionaires versus Self-made Billionaires

Source:
Investigating the world's rich and powerful: Education, cognitive ability, and sex differences
Jonathan Wai (Intelligence, 2014)


[See also: Billionaires are smart]

Risk-Taking: A Motivational Basis for Sex Differences

Risk-Taking: A Motivational Basis for Sex Differences
Elizabeth C. Arch (1993)



Summary

No current explanation about the bases for human action adequately accounts for the persistence of differences between the public achievement of women and men. An argument is presented here that underlying many of these differences are variations in the responses of males and females to situations perceived as risky. It is postulated that in such situations males are more likely to see a challenge that calls forth participation while females tend to respond as to a threat in ways that encourage avoidance of the risk. Application of this idea provides coherence to many disparate and sometimes anomalous findings and suggests lines of investigation that may prove to be fruitful.

THE MATH SEX GAP REVISITED: A THEORY OF EVERYONE

THE MATH SEX GAP REVISITED: A THEORY OF EVERYONE
La Griffe du Lion (December 2008)
http://www.lagriffedulion.f2s.com/math2.htm


Abstract

At the annual meeting of Women Against the Gap, Prodigy unveils a model of mathematical ability that brings together seemingly isolated facts. He demonstrates that there is a single math ability gap between the sexes, biological in origin, and independent of race, culture and geography. Prodigy introduces the theory of Everyone which accounts for all available data.

Women remember more faces than men do

Women remember more faces than men do
Jenny Rehnman Agneta Herlitz
Acta Psychologica (March 2007)


Abstract

Women have been found to outperform men on face recognition tasks, specifically in the recognition of female faces. Men do not seem to exhibit a corresponding own-sex bias. To examine the generality and possible reasons for these patterns, 107 men and 112 women viewed faces of both children and adults of either Swedish or Bangladeshi origin, for later recognition. As expected, women were especially good at remembering female faces, but also outperformed men on male faces. Men did not show an own-sex bias. Thus, regardless of age and ethnicity of the faces, women performed at a higher level than men on both female and male faces, possibly reflecting enhanced interest in faces, and in particular, female faces.

Sex Differences in Human Voice Pitch:

The difference between male and female means (in pooled standard deviations, Cohen’s d) for voice pitch (measured by fundamental frequency -> F0) and other putative targets of sexual selection.
A sample of 630 US university undergraduate students. (D. A. Puts, unpublished data)


Source:
Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Sexual Psychology and Behavior
V. A. Weekes-Shackelford et al. (2014) -> D.A. Puts, L. M. Doll, A. K. Hill

Perceptual Mechanisms That Characterize Gender Differences in Decoding Women's Sexual Intent

Perceptual Mechanisms That Characterize Gender Differences in Decoding Women's Sexual Intent
C. Farris, T. A. Treat, R. J. Viken, and R. M. McFall (2008)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2890253/


Abstract

Men and women often disagree about the meaning of women's nonverbal cues, particularly those conveying dating-relevant information. Men perceive more sexual intent in women's behavior than women perceive or report intending to convey. Although this finding has been attributed to gender differences in the threshold for labeling ambiguous cues as sexual in nature, little research has been conducted to determine etiology. Using a model that differentiates perceptual sensitivity from decisional bias, we found no evidence that men have lenient thresholds for perceiving women's nonverbal behavior as indicating sexual interest. Rather, gender differences were captured by a relative perceptual insensitivity among men. Just as in previous studies, men were more likely than women to misperceive friendliness as sexual interest, but they also were quite likely to misperceive sexual interest as friendliness. The results point to the promise of computational models of perception in increasing the understanding of clinically relevant social processes.

Sex differences in the probability of consenting to sexual intercourse...

Source:
Sex Differences - Developmental and Evolutionary Strategies
Linda Mealey (2000)
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Sexual strategies theory: an evolutionary perspective on human mating
D. Buss & D. P. Schmitt (1993)

Male-Female Suicide Ratio:

Source:
Sex Differences - Developmental and Evolutionary Strategies
Linda Mealey (2000)

Sex Ratios for Selected Behavior and Mental Disorders:

Source:
Gender, Nature, and Nurture
Richard A. Lippa (2005)

The Most Certain Universal Sex Differences (According to Ellis et al. 2008)

 
 

to enlarge: press [Ctrl] and [+]

Source: 

Sex Differences: Summarizing More Than a Century of Scientific Research

Lee Ellis et al. (2008)

Greater male variability in overexcitabilities: Domain-specific patterns

Greater male variability in overexcitabilities: Domain-specific patterns
Wu-jing Hea, Wan-chi Wong
Personality and Individual Differences (Aug 2014)


Highlights

o The greater male variability hypothesis was tested in overexcitability (OE).
o Domain-specific gendered-patterns were found across the five domains of OE.
o The hypothesis was supported in sensual, imaginational, and intellectual OEs.
o Male superiority was found in psychomotor OE.
o Female superiority was found in emotional OE.

Abstract

The greater male variability hypothesis posits that males exhibit greater variability than females in both mental and physical characteristics. The hypothesis has been supported in various giftedness-related constructs (e.g., intelligence, talents, creativity). This study extended this line of research to another giftedness-related psychological construct: overexcitability (OE). The Overexcitability Questionnaire-Two was administered to 836 (51% girls) 7–9th graders in Hong Kong to assess the five domains of OE (i.e., psychomotor, sensual, intellectual, imaginational, and emotional). The results suggested a domain-specific pattern of gender differences in the variability of OE scores. Greater male variability was found in the sensual, imaginational, and intellectual OE domains; male superiority was found in the psychomotor domain; and female superiority was found in the emotional domain. These domain-specific findings enrich the discourse surrounding the greater male variability hypothesis. Theoretical and educational implications regarding the findings are discussed.

(full size: click on the image)

Sex differences in sensation-seeking: a meta-analysis

Sex differences in sensation-seeking: a meta-analysis
Catharine P. Cross, De-Laine M. Cyrenne, and Gillian R. Brown (2013)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3757272/?report=classic


Abstract

Men score higher than women on measures of sensation-seeking, defined as a willingness to engage in novel or intense activities. This sex difference has been explained in terms of evolved psychological mechanisms or culturally transmitted social norms. We investigated whether sex differences in sensation-seeking have changed over recent years by conducting a meta-analysis of studies using Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, version V (SSS-V). We found that sex differences in total SSS-V scores have remained stable across years, as have sex differences in Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility. In contrast, the sex difference in Thrill and Adventure Seeking has declined, possibly due to changes in social norms or out-dated questions on this sub-scale. Our results support the view that men and women differ in their propensity to report sensation-seeking characteristics, while behavioural manifestations of sensation-seeking vary over time. Sex differences in sensation-seeking could reflect genetically influenced predispositions interacting with socially transmitted information.

Thrill and Adventure Seeking (TAS; interest in physically challenging activities), Disinhibition (Dis; favourable attitudes to uninhibited social interactions), Boredom Susceptibility (BS; dislike for repetition and predictability), Experience Seeking (ES; interest in low-risk, novel experiences)