Attractive men induce testosterone and cortisol release in women
Hassan A Lopez et al.; 2009
Abstract
Recently, Roney et al. (Roney, J.R., Lukaszewski, A.W., Simmons, Z.L., 2007. Rapid endocrine responses of young men to social interactions with young women. Horm. Behav. 52, 326–33; Roney, J.R., Mahler, S.V., Maestripieri, D., 2003. Behavioral and hormonal responses of men to brief interactions with women. Evol. Hum. Behav. 24, 365–375) demonstrated that men release testosterone and cortisol in response to brief social interactions with young women. The current experiment examined whether women show a similar endocrine response to physically and behaviorally attractive men. 120 women (70 naturally-cycling and 50 using hormonal contraceptives) were shown one of four 20-minute video montages extracted from popular films, depicting the following scenarios: 1) an attractive man courting a young woman (experimental stimulus), 2) a nature documentary (video clip control), 3) an unattractive older man courting a woman (male control), and 4) an attractive woman with no men present (female control). Saliva samples were taken before and after presentation of the stimulus, and were later analyzed for testosterone and cortisol content via enzyme immunoassay. Naturally-cycling women experienced a significant increase in both testosterone and cortisol in response to the experimental stimulus but to none of the control stimuli. Participants taking hormonal contraceptives also showed a significant cortisol response to the attractive man. Women may release adrenal steroid hormones to facilitate courtship interactions with high mate-value men.
Dienstag, 29. Oktober 2013
Testosterone responses to competition in men are related to facial masculinity
Testosterone responses to competition in men are related to facial masculinity
Nicholas Pound et al.; 2009
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1654/153.full
Abstract
Relationships between androgens and the size of sexually dimorphic male traits have been demonstrated in several non-human species. It is often assumed that a similar relationship exists for human male faces, but clear evidence of an association between circulating testosterone levels and the size of masculine facial traits in adulthood is absent. Here we demonstrate that, after experimentally determined success in a competitive task, men with more a masculine facial structure show higher levels of circulating testosterone than men with less masculine faces. In participants randomly allocated to a ‘winning’ condition, testosterone was elevated relative to pre-task levels at 5 and 20 min post-task. In a control group of participants allocated to a ‘losing’ condition there were no significant differences between pre- and post-task testosterone. An index of facial masculinity based on the measurement of sexually dimorphic facial traits was not associated with pre-task (baseline) testosterone levels, but was associated with testosterone levels 5 and 20 min after success in the competitive task. These findings indicate that a man's facial structure may afford important information about the functioning of his endocrine system.
Nicholas Pound et al.; 2009
http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/276/1654/153.full
Abstract
Relationships between androgens and the size of sexually dimorphic male traits have been demonstrated in several non-human species. It is often assumed that a similar relationship exists for human male faces, but clear evidence of an association between circulating testosterone levels and the size of masculine facial traits in adulthood is absent. Here we demonstrate that, after experimentally determined success in a competitive task, men with more a masculine facial structure show higher levels of circulating testosterone than men with less masculine faces. In participants randomly allocated to a ‘winning’ condition, testosterone was elevated relative to pre-task levels at 5 and 20 min post-task. In a control group of participants allocated to a ‘losing’ condition there were no significant differences between pre- and post-task testosterone. An index of facial masculinity based on the measurement of sexually dimorphic facial traits was not associated with pre-task (baseline) testosterone levels, but was associated with testosterone levels 5 and 20 min after success in the competitive task. These findings indicate that a man's facial structure may afford important information about the functioning of his endocrine system.
Behavioral and hormonal responses of men to brief interactions with women
Behavioral and hormonal responses of men to brief interactions with women
James R Roney et al.; 2003
Abstract
This study tested for behavioral and hormonal reactions of young men to brief social encounters with potential mating partners. Male college students were randomly assigned to engage in a short conversation with either a young man (male condition) or a young woman (female condition). Participants provided saliva samples before and after the conversation, completed a battery of psychological measures after the interaction, and had their behavior rated by their conversation partners. Salivary testosterone (T) increased significantly over baseline levels in the female condition only, though differences between conditions were not significant. In addition, change in T was significantly correlated with the degree to which the female confederates thought the male participants were trying to impress them. These behavioral ratings, in turn, were correlated with the participants’ ratings of the female confederates as potential romantic partners. Results were generally consistent with the hypothesis that human males may exhibit a behavioral and endocrine courtship response that is similar to that observed in males of many nonhuman vertebrate species.
James R Roney et al.; 2003
Abstract
This study tested for behavioral and hormonal reactions of young men to brief social encounters with potential mating partners. Male college students were randomly assigned to engage in a short conversation with either a young man (male condition) or a young woman (female condition). Participants provided saliva samples before and after the conversation, completed a battery of psychological measures after the interaction, and had their behavior rated by their conversation partners. Salivary testosterone (T) increased significantly over baseline levels in the female condition only, though differences between conditions were not significant. In addition, change in T was significantly correlated with the degree to which the female confederates thought the male participants were trying to impress them. These behavioral ratings, in turn, were correlated with the participants’ ratings of the female confederates as potential romantic partners. Results were generally consistent with the hypothesis that human males may exhibit a behavioral and endocrine courtship response that is similar to that observed in males of many nonhuman vertebrate species.
Montag, 28. Oktober 2013
Cigarette Smoking and Age at Natural Menopause
Cigarette Smoking and Age at Natural Menopause
David W Kaufman et al.; 1980
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1619390/pdf/amjph00677-0086.pdf
Abstract
In a cohort of 656 naturally postmenopausal women who were interviewed at age 60 to 69 years, and who had reached their menopause between the ages of 35 and 59 years, the mean age at menopause declined with increasing number of cigarettes smoked, from 49.4 years of age among women who had never smoked to 47.6 years of age among women who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day (p < 0.02). The relationship was not attributable to the onset of menopause inducing women to take up smoking.
David W Kaufman et al.; 1980
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1619390/pdf/amjph00677-0086.pdf
Abstract
In a cohort of 656 naturally postmenopausal women who were interviewed at age 60 to 69 years, and who had reached their menopause between the ages of 35 and 59 years, the mean age at menopause declined with increasing number of cigarettes smoked, from 49.4 years of age among women who had never smoked to 47.6 years of age among women who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day (p < 0.02). The relationship was not attributable to the onset of menopause inducing women to take up smoking.
Sonntag, 27. Oktober 2013
Samstag, 26. Oktober 2013
Freitag, 25. Oktober 2013
How Does Racial Diversity Raise Income Inequality
How Does Racial Diversity Raise Income Inequality
Gerhard Meisenberg, 2008
Abstract
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Gerhard Meisenberg, 2008
Abstract
In international comparisons, a high level of racial diversity is associated with a high level of income inequality. One hypothesis proposes that racial diversity leads to increased variance in intellectual ability, which leads to increased income inequality presumably through the action of market forces. A second hypothesis proposes that racially diverse societies are more unequal because they have less social solidarity and less redistribution of wealth from the rich to the poor. The present study investigates the first hypothesis with the results of international school assessment programs (TIMSS and PISA). High racial diversity is found to be related to a greater ability spread on these assessments, but ability variance is not independently related to the Gini index. The second hypothesis is tested with a measure of “big government” that is derived from the economic freedom indices of the Fraser Institute and the Heritage Foundation. Big government is negatively related to both racial diversity and the Gini index.
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"If racial diversity favors income inequality, and if advanced postindustrial nations are becoming more diverse in the wake of replacement migration (Coleman, 2002), we can predict a continuing trend towards greater income inequality."
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