Aggression:

Aggression can inflict costs in various contexts:

Physical Harm: Aggressive behavior can result in physical injuries to others, leading to medical costs, physical pain, and long-term health issues.

Emotional and Psychological Impact: Aggression can cause significant emotional and psychological distress, contributing to issues such as anxiety, depression, and trauma. This can lead to costs related to mental health care and reduced quality of life.

Economic Costs: Aggression in the workplace can lead to a hostile work environment, reducing productivity, increasing employee turnover, and raising costs associated with training new employees. Additionally, aggressive behavior can result in legal costs if it leads to lawsuits or compensation claims.

Social Costs: Aggression can damage relationships, disrupt communities, and create a climate of fear and mistrust. This can lead to social fragmentation and decreased social cohesion, which are difficult to quantify but have significant impacts on societal well-being.

Property Damage: Aggressive actions can result in the destruction of property, leading to repair or replacement costs.

Educational Impact: In educational settings, aggression can disrupt the learning environment, affecting both the aggressor and the victims. This can result in decreased academic performance and increased costs for interventions and disciplinary actions.