[Kernthema: Extraversion als Sensitivität für Belohnungen; Ich empfehle Lesern hier insbesondere die Ausführungen im Original zu lesen, obwohl weit weniger Absätze weggelassen wurden als bei den vorhergehenden Teilen. Persönlich fand ich diese Ausführungen interessanter als die grundlegenderen Überlegungen von Colin DeYoung (die in den vorherigen Teilen Erwähung fanden), darum blieb hier wesentlich mehr Text "übrig" als bei den vorhergehenden Teilen.]
"Extraversion is the
trait most obviously related to the first stage of the cybernetic
cycle, goal activation, in which a goal becomes sufficiently
motivating to govern subsequent information processing and behavior.
The degree to which the current situation affords possibilities for
pursuing or attaining desired goals is the degree to which it
contains cues for reward. From the cybernetic perspective, rewards
are any stimuli that indicate progress toward or attainment of a
goal, and every cybernetic system must have the ability to respond to
such stimuli."
"The brain contains a complex system for
keeping track of the reward value of stimuli and for motivating
behavior designed to move toward goals, and some parts of this system
are involved in response to every reward. Variations in this system,
therefore, are likely to influence a wide range of behaviors in
response to reward. CB5T posits that Extraversion stems from
variation in parameters of the mechanisms designed to respond to
rewards. All other things being equal, Extraversion will predict who
is more motivated by the possibility of attaining a given reward and
who gets more enjoyment out of a reward when attained. The theory
that Extraversion reflects reward sensitivity is reasonably well
supported (Depue & Collins, 1999; Smillie, 2013). A number of the
traits that fall within Extraversion, including drive, the tendency
to experience positive emotions like joy, and excitement seeking, are
clearly conceptually linked to reward sensitivity."
"A variety of neurobiological evidence supports
the link between Extraversion and the brain’s reward systems.
Several studies have found Extraversion to moderate the effects of
pharmacological manipulation of dopamine, and dopamine is strongly
implicated in reward sensitivity in both human and non-human research
(DeYoung, 2013)."
"the evidence supporting the fundamental link
between Extraversion and reward sensitivity is considerable. What has
been less well studied is the relation of Extraversion to two
distinct classes of reward: (1) incentive or appetitive rewards, also
called cues of reward or promises, which indicate an increase in the
probability of achieving a goal, and (2) consummatory or hedonic
rewards, which represent the actual attainment of a goal. Berridge
(2007) has described the responses to these two classes of reward as
wanting and liking respectively, and CB5T hypothesizes that the two
major subfactors or aspects of Extraversion, Assertiveness and
Enthusiasm, derive from this distinction (DeYoung, 2010b, 2013).
Assertiveness, reflecting the tendency toward drive, social status,
and leadership, is a reflection of wanting—that is, motivation to
attain desired goals. Enthusiasm, reflecting the tendency toward
gregarious social interaction and positive emotions, reflects wanting
to some extent but is primarily a reflection of liking, the enjoyment
experienced on receiving or imagining a reward. Some evidence for
this distinction comes from personality neuroscience, in which
Assertiveness (also called Agentic Extraversion) is more closely
related than Enthusiasm to dopamine, the major neurotransmitter for
incentive reward, whereas an excellent marker of Enthusiasm (Social
Closeness) has been linked to endogenous opiates, the major
neurotransmitters for hedonic reward (Depue & Collins, 1999;
Depue & Morrone-Strupinsky, 2005; DeYoung, 2013; Wacker, Mueller,
Hennig, & Stemmler, 2012)."
"It would be tidy if Assertiveness purely
reflected wanting and Enthusiasm purely reflected liking, but this
does not seem to be the case. … both
Assertiveness and Enthusiasm predicted high levels of aroused
positive affect (e.g., feeling ‘‘energetic’’ and
‘‘active’’)[.]"
"Enthusiasm, which reflects individual
differences in response to attaining reward, encompasses individual
differences in desire as well as enjoyment."
"a crucial function of enjoyment of any reward
is to make it memorable and motivate desire and pursuit of similar
rewards in future."
"People who like
things more intensely are more likely to want them intensely and to
pursue them assertively."
"Subgoal attainment is often an indicator of the
speed of progress toward a superordinate goal; thus, the positive
affect experienced after achieving a subgoal tracks progress toward
the relevant superordinate goal[.]"
"activity level is a facet of Extraversion,
falling primarily under Assertiveness (DeYoung et al., 2007). Part of
the general cybernetic response to most cues of reward is to increase
motivation for action[.]"
"Extraversion is a strongly social trait because
many human rewards are social (and the human reward system has
undoubtedly evolved to be particularly responsive to social rewards),
but also that Extraversion is not exclusively social and applies to
all rewards (with the possible exception of the reward value of
information, which is posited to be associated with
Openness/Intellect; see ... DeYoung, 2013). CB5T does
suggest, however, that the label ‘‘Detachment’’ may be more
accurately descriptive of low Extraversion than is ‘‘Introversion’’
(Krueger & Markon, 2014). People who score low in Extraversion
are not necessarily turned inward; rather, they are less engaged,
motivated, and energized by the possibilities for reward that
surround them."
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