Colin DeYoung:
[Kernthema: Insbesondere die Frage: >Wie und wodurch gelingt eine "Integration" der Persönlichkeit?< Falls Teile der Auszüge Interesse wecken, bitte einfach den Artikel zur Hand nehmen. Die Auszüge spiegeln eine subjektive Auswahl von Inhalten, die dem Blogautor (also mir) interessant erscheinen. Anderen Lesern werden andere Inhalte relevant erscheinen. Von meinem Blickwinkel aus ist dieser Artikel von Colin DeYoung, wie auch viele andere Artikel des Forschers, reich an interessanten Inhalten. An einem der kommenden Tage wird eine persönliche, kommentierte Zusammenfassung des Artikels gepostet.]
"It has become increasingly clear that psychopathological traits or symptoms have almost
the same five-factor interpersonal covariance structure as normal
traits, and thus can be integrated with the Big Five (Krueger &
Markon, 2014; Markon et al., 2005; Widiger & Mullins-Sweatt,
2009)."
"A breakdown anywhere in the
system will cause problems specifically related to traits that reflect
variation in the dysfunctional mechanism, but it will also incline
the system to function poorly as a whole, creating frequent failures
of goal-directed action, increased psychological entropy, episodes
of disintegration, more frequent and intense emotional dysregulation, and the subjective sense that one is incapable of moving
toward one’s goals."
"loss of reward sensitivity, manifesting in anhedonia and
amotivation (low Extraversion), is a key component of depression,
but extremely high reward sensitivity (high Extraversion) is a key
component of mania (DeYoung, 2013; Tackett, Quilty, Sellbom,
Rector, & Bagby, 2008)."
"Clinical assessment benefits from determining whether
one’s characteristic adaptations are adequately functional, independently of traits—that is, whether one is able to interpret one’s own
specific life experiences in a sensible manner and to make adequate
progress toward one’s own personal goals (cf. Livesley, 1998;
Wright, 2011). If one’s characteristic adaptations are functional,
not maladaptations, then one probably should not be considered
dysfunctional even in the presence of an extreme trait profile. A possible exception here might be extremely low Agreeableness—if one
is perfectly capable of maintaining a coherent interpretation of self
and world and of making progress toward one’s goals, but one’s
behavior consistently violates the welfare of others, a diagnosis of
dysfunctionmay be possible even without signs of subjective incompetence or distress."
"CB5T suggests ... that the highest and most enduring levels
of well-being should be achieved when one’s characteristic adaptations are not only well adapted to one’s particular life circumstances,
but also well-integrated—that is, minimally conflicting with each
other, with one’s traits, and with innate needs. The notion that a well
integrated personality is the key to well-being has been common in
psychology, from Jung’s (1939/1968) concept of individuation, the
process by which the personality becomes an undivided whole and
the ultimate goal of both psychotherapy and human development,
to Sheldon’s (2004) theory of optimal human being, which provides
an extensive examination of ways to facilitate integration, with a
particular focus on satisfying basic needs."
"one’s conscious representation of the desired future
may differ in some ways from the goals that are represented unconsciously in one’s motivation systems, and this is another barrier to
integration (cf. Schultheiss & Strasser, 2012)."
"If a high level of integration is to be achieved, it must be
through the process of adaptation ..., leading to a well-honed suite of characteristic adaptations."
"For example, someone low in
Conscientiousness may explicitly reorganize his or her personal
goals so as to value long-term career success over what was previously a favorite hedonistic pursuit, and this may, over time, lead to
an increase in Conscientiousness, as the top-down control exerted
by the systems that underlie Conscientiousness is rendered more
effective by having to compete less often with the hedonistic characteristic adaptation that was previously maladaptively high in the
goal hierarchy.
In order to figure out what characteristic adaptations must be
changed or added to produce a well-integrated personality, one
must be willing to explore anomalies, as they arise (Peterson,
1999). This means avoiding self-deception, which we have defined
as ignoring subjective evidence that one’s current plans and beliefs
might be in error (Peterson, Driver-Linn, & DeYoung, 2002;
Peterson et al., 2003)."
"Achieving high levels of integration requires exploration of
anomalous experience with sufficient caution to avoid unnecessary
destabilization, but with sufficient courage to face the risk that
some of one’s characteristic adaptations may be invalidated, and
with sufficient humility to acknowledge when a current characteristic adaptation is in error. Refusal to acknowledge error is likely to
lead to perseveration and to various future costs, including heightened risk for disintegration (Chance, Norton, Gino, & Ariely, 2011;
Peterson et al., 2003). Exploration of anomaly should not always
lead to abandoning a characteristic adaptation (one would be
disastrously unstable if it did), but one must be willing to consider
the possibility that any anomaly indicates the need for change and
to do enough exploration to determine whether change is necessary or desirable (though how much exploration is enough is a difficult calibration problem, pitting present expenditure of resources
against future risk). Failure to adapt, due to self-deception, is likely
to contribute to much psychopathology ... In addition to avoiding self-deception, achieving a high level of integration requires paying close attention to interest, as an emotion
(Peterson, 1999; Silvia, 2008), because interest indicates the potential to generate new characteristic adaptations that are well aligned with one’s traits and existing characteristic adaptations."
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"Characteristic adaptations are more complicated to measure than traits, but personality psychology will benefit from increasing its focus on these constructs and better
integrating them with research on traits."
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