Cybernetic Big Five Theory - Auszüge - Teil4 - "Neuroticism", "Openness/Intellect", "Conscientiousness", "Agreeableness":

Colin DeYoung [siehe auch: Teil5]:

[Kernthema: Erläuterungen zu den übrigen "Big Five Traits"; Auszüge, die mir beim Lesen besonders interessant oder relevant erschienen; Nach den Auszügen (voraussichtlich noch zwei weitere Teile) wird eine freie und persönliche Zusammenfassung des wesentlichen Inhalts dieses Artikels gepostet.]

Neuroticism:

"Whereas Extraversion is most obviously related to the beginning of the cybernetic cycle, Neuroticism is most obviously related to its end, goal comparison, when the current state is compared to the desired state[.]"

"mismatch may mean that a serious problem exists, or even that one is in danger, because the failure to predict an outcome may indicate that the present situation is not sufficiently well understood to be confident in its safety (Peterson, 1999). One innate response to mismatch, therefore, is the activation of defensive systems."

"From the cybernetic perspective, punishments are any stimuli that signal definite inability to attain a goal, whereas threats, or cues of punishment, signal a decrease in the probability of attaining a goal."

"In a cybernetic system, entropy reflects uncertainty regarding the system’s capacity to move toward its goals (Wiener, 1961)."

"the harder it is to answer the questions, ‘‘What is happening?’’ and ‘‘What should I do?’’ the higher the level of psychological entropy."

"People high in Neuroticism tend to experience negative emotion in response to frequent perceptions that they are not in the state they would like to be in."

"In depression, the goal is perceived to be unattainable and approach motivation is extinguished (Carver & Scheier, 1998). (Clinical depression represents a state in which this extinction of behavior has been overgeneralized, extinguishing a maladaptively large range of behaviors.) Withdrawal describes the tendency toward both anxiety and depression. ‘‘Withdrawal’’ is a potentially misleading label because it does not refer to social withdrawal specifically, but rather to the automatic withdrawal of motivation, either partially or completely, from particular strategies or goals, in response to uncertainty."

Openness:

"Openness/Intellect describes individual differences in cognitive exploration, the tendency to seek, detect, appreciate, understand, and utilize both sensory and abstract information (DeYoung, 2014; DeYoung et al., 2012)."

"People high in Openness/Intellect have more complex and extensive interpretations of the world than people low in the trait, and they are therefore likely to use more creative and innovative strategies to pursue their goals (DeYoung, 2010c)."

"Measures of motivation and ability may be difficult to separate cleanly because (1) high ability is likely to lead to increased motivation and low ability to decreased motivation, and (2) strong motivation may lead to the development of greater ability through practice and learning."

"Imagining possibilities appears to be a default activity for all human beings, yet striking individual differences exist in the complexity with which people engage in exploring the world perceptually, abstractly, and imaginatively, and these differences are captured by Openness/Intellect, which has been found to predict individual differences in the functioning of the default network (Adelstein et al., 2011)."

"Intellect reflects intellectual engagement with abstract and semantic information, whereas Openness to Experience reflects engagement with sensory and perceptual information and thus involves aesthetic interests and fantasy proneness (DeYoung et al., 2012)."

Conscientiousness:

"CB5T posits that Conscientiousness reflects variation in the mechanisms that allow people to follow rules and prioritize non-immediate goals. As a species, human beings are highly unusual both in their ability to follow explicit rules and in their ability to plan for the distant future, adapting their behavior to goals that will not be obtained for weeks, months, or even years (DeYoung, 2010a)."

"Conscientiousness appears to be relatively specific to the problem of governing behavior across long time spans or according to the relatively arbitrary explicit rules that are a function of the complexity of human cultures."

"Conscientiousness has been extensively characterized in terms of its consequences for various life outcomes. It is typically the best predictor, after intelligence, of both academic and occupational success, and it is also a good predictor of health and longevity, apparently because it predicts avoidance of risky behaviors and engagement in preventive health behaviors (Noftle & Robins, 2007; Ozer & Benet-Martinez, 2006; Roberts, Lejuez, Krueger, Richards, & Hill, 2012). In contrast, however, Conscientiousness may be the least well understood, mechanistically, of any of the Big Five."

"Conscientiousness may be particularly involved in reorienting attention away from distractions and back to stimuli most relevant to important goals (Fox, Corbetta, Snyder, Vincent, & Raichle, 2006)."

"Conscientiousness is most obviously related to the first three stages of the cybernetic cycle. Higher Industriousness should be associated with the likelihood of activating long-term rather than short-term goals, as well as selecting more effective strategies for meeting those goals, and then resisting distraction while carrying out action. Orderliness should be associated with the likelihood of activating goals and selecting strategies that conform to rules. Additionally, however, one would expect the process of goal comparison to differ with Conscientiousness such that those high in the trait should be more likely to generate an error signal based on inadequate progress toward a long-term or rule-based goal."

Agreeableness:

"Agreeableness, represents the general tendency toward cooperation and altruism, as opposed to exploitation and lack of concern for others. Whereas the other four Big Five traits are posited to reflect cybernetic mechanisms involved in the pursuit of goals in general, Agreeableness reflects variation in a set of mechanisms that exist because human beings are social animals whose survival depends on coordinating their goals, strategies, and interpretations with those of others (Graziano & Tobin, 2013; Van Egeren, 2009)."

"In principle, some goals might be pursued successfully without consideration of the needs and desires of others, and there is certainly variation in the extent to which people need to be cooperative and altruistic while successfully achieving their own goals. Nonetheless, given the social nature of human existence, some degree of cooperation is necessary, both in development and in most of adult life, and CB5T asserts that all normally functioning human beings have at least some capacity to cooperate with others. Hence, Agreeableness is no less functionally important for human beings than the other Big Five traits."

"CB5T suggests that the social behaviors associated with Assertiveness and Enthusiasm are driven by reward processes also involved in non-social reward motivation, whereas Compassion and Politeness are driven by dedicated affiliative bonding and social regulation systems."