Colin DeYoung [siehe auch: Teil2]:
[Kernthemen: Enführung ins Thema; Relevanz kybernetischer Betrachtungsweisen für die Persönlichkeitsforschung; Worum geht es einem 'kybernetischen System'? Wie sehen kybernetische Regelkreise aus? Das Trait-Konzept;]
The fundamental premise of CB5T is that any adequate theory of personality must be based on cybernetics, the study of goal-directed, self-regulating systems[.]
Cybernetic systems are characterized by their inclusion of one or more goals or reference values, which guide the work carried out by the system.
All cybernetic systems receive feedback, through some kind of sensory mechanism, indicating the degree to which they are moving towards their goals. … they are adaptive and adjust their behavior, based on feedback, to pursue their goals.
Gray referred to subcortical structures known as the limbic system and basal ganglia as ‘a mechanism for the attainment of goals.‘ The cybernetic architecture has been extremely well preserved by evolution because it provides the general behavioral control system that allows organisms to adjust their behaviors to their situation from moment to moment to accomplish their goals and, hence, to survive and reproduce.
The operation of cybernetic systems can be characterized by a cycle with five stages: … In the first stage, one of the person’s goals is activated and guides the rest of the upcoming cycle. In the second, decision making takes place to select an appropriate action to move toward the goal. In the third, the action is carried out. In the fourth, the consequences of that action are interpreted; … Finally, the current state is compared to the goal to detect any mismatch. If the current state and the goal match, then that goal has been accomplished and a new goal will emerge to guide the next iteration of the cycle. If a mismatch is detected, however, the cycle will begin again with the same goal in place, and another action will be selected in order to attempt to move toward the goal (or … the goal will be abandoned). This cycle is a useful schematic, but it is misleading in one crucial way … : Most of the five stages describe processes that are carried out simultaneously, in parallel rather than serially. … people are almost constantly interpreting feedback about the world from their sensory systems, and they are almost constantly comparing what is perceived to what is predicted or desired in order to detect mismatches, before and during action, as well as afterward.
traits are probabilistic, and even an error-free measure of them could not perfectly predict behavior at any particular moment. Nonetheless, they may provide substantial predictive power for behavior in aggregate and are better than nothing for predicting even singular instances of behavior[.]
Traits, therefore, vary in their relevance across situations, and, in situations where people are minimally exposed to some trait-relevant class of stimuli, individual differences in the corresponding trait will not be apparent[.]
the term ‘personality traits’ is not synonymous with ‘the Big Five.’ There are a great many personality traits, and the Big Five merely represent the major dimensions of covariation among them.
CB5T recognizes (1) that most traits can be categorized either as a facet of one of the Big Fice or as a compound trait reflecting a blend of two or more of the various traits at all levels …, and (2) that any successful explanatory theory of personality must account for the existence of the Big Five as the major dimensions of covariation in personality.
Though typically estimated at around 40-60% in self-ratings of adults, the heritability of the Big Five is in the range of 60-80% when assessed with multiple raters[.]
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